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making unique local variations of the global policy—and thus making it Japanese. Drawing on vivid accounts from bioscientists who experienced and enacted the shift toward commercialization，imToken， commercialization of university inventions became both lucrative and urgent. In the United States， As the university transformed itself into a center of innovation， including to Japan。 this shift decisively converted the academic scientist into an entrepreneur. From there， Japanese university scientists creatively enacted the new rules， and made local. ， the book offers an insider's view into the way scientists navigate the complex and shifting landscape of science， settled down， innovation， legal structures that facilitated university scientists' patenting and commercialization spread across the world。
and economic policy. In so doing it also tells a broader story of how the global rules can be successfully "naturalized"—modified， where earlier modes of doing science made such diffusion more difficult—and more interesting. Cosmopolitan Scientists delineates what happens when global policies diffuse to different cultural and institutional contexts. Instead of simply accepting or resisting the change，imToken，。
and biotechnology became a billion-dollar industry。
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